Libya: A Contemporary Conflict in a Failing State - From Italian Colonial Rule to Gaddafi's Coup, Emergence of Islamic State, ISIL, ISIS, Jamahiriya, Islamist Forces, Regional Militia, Arab Spring

Professionally converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction, this unique book examines the turmoil in Libya. The Arab Spring spread throughout the Middle East and North Africa, and what started in hope quickly devolved into struggles for formal and informal power. Violence in Libya was intensified by institutions' inabilities to maintain governance, contain violence, and quell the rise of armed groups. Power in Libya is in constant contention by opportunistic tribal and regional militias, Islamist groups, and government and military power brokers. Libya is on the verge of becoming a failed state; allowing Libya to fail will have local, regional, and international repercussions. The challenge is to understand why the loosely formed alliances between government and tribal, regional, and Islamist militias are falling apart. The introduction of the Islamic State in Libya increases the urgency for these disparate groups to resolve their differences. This thesis concludes that Gaddafi nurtured a sentiment of distrust between the people, Islamists, and government institutions. This trust deficit in post-revolutionary Libya has stymied cooperation and progress. Any meaningful solutions will have to address the core issue of social trust, the emergence of the Islamic State, and economic weakness before reconciliation or reforms can occur.

CHAPTER I * LIBYA: A CONTEMPORARY CONFLICT IN A FAILING STATE * A. THE THREAT * B. RESEARCH QUESTION AND SIGNIFICANCE * C. RESEARCH DESIGN, METHODOLOGY, AND SCOPE * D. LITERATURE REVIEW * 1. Defining a Failed State * 2. Indicators of Failed States * 3. Failed States and Insecurity * 4. Conflict Resolution and Potentials for Recovery: DDR and SSR * E. POTENTIAL EXPLANATIONS AND HYPOTHESES * CHAPTER II * A HISTORICAL SURVEY * A. FROM ITALIAN COLONIAL RULE TO GADDAFI'S COUP * 1. Italian Rule * 2. Independence: United Kingdom of Libya * 3. Gaddafi's Coup * B. SETTING THE STAGE FOR JAMAHIRRIYA (1969-1977) * 1. The West Departs Libya * 2. Judicial Reform * 3. Political Reform * C. JAMAHIRIYA * 1. Political Front * a. Libyan Security Institutions * b. Libyan Revolutionary Committees * c. The Judiciary * 2. Economic Front * a. Economics in Action * b. Sanctions * c. Revenue Sources * 3. Social Front * a. Libyan Tribes * b. Civil Society and Religion * D. CHAPTER CONCLUSION * CHAPTER III * A CONTEMPORARY STUDY * 1. Political * 2. Social Costs * 3. Judicial and Legal Issues * 4. Economic * B. POLTICAL FORCES * 1. Government Forces * 2. Regional Militia * C. ISLAMIST FORCES * 1. Enter ISIS * 2. Islamist Organizations * D. VISUALIZATIONS * E. CONCLUSION * CHAPTER IV * RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION * A. RECOMMENDATIONS * 1. Addressing Lack of Trust * a. Lack of Political Dialogue * b. Lack of Security Sector Reform * c. Lack of Rule of Law * 2. Addressing the Islamic State * 3. Addressing Economic Reform * B. ROLES FOR THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY * 1. The Western World * 2. The Islamic Nation-States * 3. International Organizations * C. CONCLUSION * D. OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH