Life of Elie Metchnikoff, 1845-1916

This edition features
• potrait
• a linked Table of Contents, Footnotes, and Index

CONTENTS
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I
1845. Panassovka — Metchnikoff’s parents — Country life in Little Russia
CHAPTER II
Metchnikoff’s brothers and sister — Childish characteristics
CHAPTER III
1850. Journey to Slaviansk — The coach attacked by peasants
CHAPTER IV
1851. Departure for Kharkoff — Town life
CHAPTER V
1853-1856. Leo Metchnikoff’s illness — Private tutors — Botanical studies — A memorable birthday
CHAPTER VI
Ancestors of the Metchnikoff family — The great “Spatar” — Leo Nevahovitch
[xvi]CHAPTER VII
1856-1861. The Kharkoff Lycée — Bogomoloff and Socialism — Atheism — Natural History studies — Private lodgings — Private lessons in histology from Professor Tschelkoff — A borrowed microscope — First article — Italian opera — The gold medal
CHAPTER VIII
An early love — A schoolfellow’s sister — A pretty sister-in-law
CHAPTER IX
1862. Journey to Germany — Leipzig, Würzburg — A hasty return
CHAPTER X
1863. Kharkoff University — Physiology — The Vorticella — Controversy with Kühne — The Origin of Species — Gastrotricha — University degree
CHAPTER XI
1864-1866. Heligoland — Giessen Congress — Leuckart — Visit to Leo Metchnikoff at Geneva — Socialist gatherings — Metchnikoff’s discovery appropriated by Leuckart — Naples — Kovalevsky — Comparative embryology — Embryonic layers — Bakounine and Setchénoff — Cholera at Naples — Göttingen — Anatomical studies — Munich; von Siebold — Music — Return to Naples — Intracellular digestion
CHAPTER XII
1867-1868. Petersburg — Baer Prize — Return home — Friendship with Cienkovsky — Odessa — Naturalists’ Congress at Petersburg — Departure from Odessa — Zoological Lecturer’s Chair at Petersburg — Messina — Enforced rest — Reggio — Naples — Controversy with Kovalevsky — Visit to the B. family — Mlle. Fédorovitch — Educational questions — Difficulties of life in Petersburg
[xvii]CHAPTER XIII
1868-1873. Slight illness — Engagement to Mlle. Fédorovitch — Marriage — Illness of the bride — Pecuniary difficulties — Spezzia — Montreux — Work in Petersburg University — The Riviera — Cœlomata and Acœlomata — St. Vaast — Panassovka — Madeira — Mertens — Teneriffe — Return to Odessa — Bad news, hurried journey to Madeira — Death of his wife (1872) — Return through Spain — Attempted suicide — Ephemeridæ
CHAPTER XIV
1874. Anthropological expedition to the Kalmuk steppes — Affection of the eyes — Second expedition to the steppes — The eggs of the Geophilus
CHAPTER XV
1875. Studies on childhood — The family in the upper flat — Lessons in zoology — Second marriage — Private life — Visit and death of Lvovna Nevahovna — Conjugal affection
CHAPTER XVI
1875-1880. Metchnikoff at the age of 30 — Lecturing in Odessa University, from 1873 to 1882 — Internal difficulties — Assassination of the Tsar, Alexander II. — Further troubles in the University — Resignation — Bad health: cardiac symptoms — Relapsing fever — Choroiditis — Studies on Ephemeridæ — Further studies on intracellular digestion — The Parenchymella — Holidays in the country — Experiments on agricultural pests
CHAPTER XVII
1881-1882. Death of his father- and mother-in-law — Management of country estates — Agitation and difficulties — Departure for Messina with young brothers- and sisters-in-law
[xviii]CHAPTER XVIII
1883. Messina — Inception of the phagocyte theory — Encouragement from Virchow and Kleinenberg — First paper on phagocytosis at a Congress at Odessa in 1883 — The question of immunity — Article in Virchow’s Archiv, 1884
CHAPTER XIX
1884-1885. Ill-health of his wife and sister-in-law — Journey to Tangiers through Spain — Villefranche — Baumgarten criticises the phagocyte theory
CHAPTER XX
1886. A Bacteriological Institute in Odessa — Unsatisfactory conditions — Experiments on erysipelas and on relapsing fever
CHAPTER XXI
1887. Hygiene Congress in Vienna — Wiesbaden — Munich — Paris and Pasteur — Berlin and Koch — Failure of anthrax vaccination of sheep — Decision to leave Russia
CHAPTER XXII
1888. The Pasteur Institute — Dreams realised — Metchnikoff at 50 — Growing optimism — Attenuated sensitiveness — The Sèvres villa (1898) — Daily routine
CHAPTER XXIII
1892. Opposition to the phagocyte theory — Scientific controversies — Experiments in support of the phagocyte theory — Behring and antitoxins — The London Congress — Inflammation
CHAPTER XXIV
Cholera — Experiments on himself and others — Illness of M. Jupille — Death of an epileptic subject — Insufficient results
[xix]CHAPTER XXV
1894. Pfeiffer’s experiments — The Buda-Pest Congress — Extracellular destruction of microbes — Reaction of the organism against toxins — Dr. Besredka’s researches — Macrophages — The Moscow Congress — Bordet’s experiments
CHAPTER XXVI
1900. Immunity — Natural immunity — Artificial immunity
CHAPTER XXVII
1893-1905. Private sorrows — Death of Pasteur — Ill-health — Senile atrophies — Premature death — Orthobiosis — Syphilis (1905) — Acquisition of anthropoid apes (1903)
CHAPTER XXVIII
Researches on the intestinal flora — Sour milk
CHAPTER XXIX
1908. The Nobel Prize — Journey to Sweden and Russia — A day with Léon Tolstoï
CHAPTER XXX
Intestinal flora — Infantile cholera — Typhoid fever — Articles on popular Science
CHAPTER XXXI
1911. Expedition to the Kalmuk steppes to study tuberculosis — Plague
CHAPTER XXXII
Further researches on the intestinal flora — Forty Years’ Search for a Rational Conception of Life
[xx]CHAPTER XXXIII
Unpleasant incidents — The fabrication of lacto-bacilli — St. Léger-en-Yvelines — Return to Paris — First cardiac attack — Evolution of the death instinct — Notes on his symptoms
CHAPTER XXXIV
1914. Return to St. Léger-en-Yvelines — Norka — Studies on the death of the silk-worm moth — War declared — Mobilisation
CHAPTER XXXV
1915. Return to Paris — The deserted Institute — Memoir on the Founders of Modern Medicine — Metchnikoff’s Jubilee — Last holidays at Norka
CHAPTER XXXVI
1916. Bronchial cold — Aggravated cardiac symptoms — Farewell to Sèvres — Return to the Institute — Protracted sufferings — Intellectual preoccupations — Observations on his own condition — The end — Cremation.
EPILOGUE
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX
INDEX