Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947-1997 - Berlin Airlift, Lebanon, Cuban Missile Crisis, Israel Airlift, Vietnam Evacuation, Iranian Hostages, Grenada, Panama, Iraq, Bosnia, Haiti

Professionally converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction, this Air Force publication an effort to meet the needs of Air Force commanders and other decision makers for a useful reference work on contingencies. One of an ongoing series of reference works, it is organized in the style of the recently published The United States Air Force and Humanitarian Airlift Operations, 1947-1994. It adds to the history of the Air Force by providing statistics and narrative descriptions of the Air Force's most significant contingency operations over the last fifty years. Decision makers, planners, logisticians, and educators may find in these pages examples of lessons learned or themes worthy of further analyses. Scholars, educators, journalists, and the general public may gain an understanding of how the Air Force meets its obligations in a rapidly changing world.

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, a series of geographically localized crises caused by political, religious, or ethnic unrest; outright military aggression; and natural disasters has replaced the relative stability that characterized international relations for more than fifty years of the Cold War. For the United States Air Force (USAF), this has meant short-notice deployments, airlifts, and other operational missions conducted in reaction to local crises. Such missions—once of secondary importance to nuclear deterrence or preparations for theater war—have come to dominate Air Force operations. The result has been recognition that global aerospace power and mobility are central to effective American crisis intervention in the post-Cold War world. This recognition has led the U.S. Air Force to restructure itself as an Expeditionary Aerospace Force, exploiting diverse core competencies consisting of global air and space superiority, rapid global mobility, precision engagement, global attack, information superiority, and agile combat support. Via rapid-response air expeditionary forces, the U.S. Air Force can furnish global power and presence for humanitarian or combat purposes—"bombs or bread or both"—in hours to any spot on Earth. A traditional precept of USAF doctrine has been that the service must always be prepared to assess its roles and missions in light of new and ever-changing national policy and strategy. Recognizing that doctrine is largely a distillation of knowledge gained from historical experience, the Air Force Historical Research Agency has compiled this record of USAF contingency operations covering the last half-century.

INTRODUCTION: From Cold War to Global Engagement * Berlin Airlift: Operation VITTLES * Daniel L. Haulman * Lebanon Crisis: Operation BLUE BAT * David A. Byrd * Crisis in the Congo: Operation NEW TAPE * Daniel L. Haulman * Cuban Missile Crisis * Edward T. Russell * Indo-Chinese Conflict: Operation LONG SKIP * William J. Allen * Rebellion in the Congo: Operation DRAGON ROUGE * Daniel L. Haulman * Dominican Crisis: Operation POWER PACK * A. Timothy Warnock * Military Airlift to Israel: Operation NICKEL GRASS * Edward T. Russell * Vietnam Evacuation: Operation FREQUENT WIND * Daniel L. Haulman * Cambodian Airlift and Evacuation: Operation EAGLE PULL * Daniel L. Haulman * Crisis in Southeast Asia: Mayaguez Rescue * Daniel L. Haulman * Crisis in Tropical Africa: Operations ZAIRE I and II * Daniel L. Haulman * Crisis in Iran: Operation EAGLE CLAW * Edward T. Russell * Crisis in Grenada: Operation URGENT FURY * Daniel L. Haulman * Raid on Libya: Operation ELDORADO CANYON * Judy G. Endicott * Persian Gulf Crisis: Operation EARNEST WILL * William J. Allen * Intervention in Panama: Operation JUST CAUSE * William J. Allen * Crisis in Iraq: Operation PROVIDE COMFORT * Daniel L. Haulman * Crisis in Southern Iraq: Operation SOUTHERN WATCH * William J. Allen * Crisis in Bosnia: Operation PROVIDE PROMISE * Frederick J. Shaw Jr. * Crisis in Somalia: Operations PROVIDE RELIEF and RESTORE HOPE