Entrepreneurship as a Source of Economic, Political, and Social Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa: Botswana, Malawi, Zambia, Five Factors, Freedom, Labor, Infrastructure, Governance, Environment

This important report has been professionally converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction. A three-country case study was used to analyze the economic, political, and social impacts of entrepreneurship, and the development of entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa was studied through the lens of five entrepreneurial factors (freedom, labor, infrastructure, governance, and business environment). An increase of foreign direct investments, growing economic freedom for citizens, and a higher gross domestic product per capita were among the economic benefits of entrepreneurship. Politically, stronger democracy, political rights, and civil liberties can be obtained from a growing level of entrepreneurship. Reduced unemployment, better education, higher health expenditures per capita, and development of the communications infrastructure were some of the social benefits. Lower cost for starting a new business and easier access to capital were the chief reasons behind Botswana's greater level of entrepreneurship. Better governance, regulatory quality, infrastructure, and trade freedom have also helped to attract entrepreneurs for Botswana. For Zambia and Malawi, the coordination of entrepreneurial programs, business freedom, and the amount of corruption are better indicators to predict their levels of entrepreneurship instead of their measures of the rule of law or the regulatory quality. Botswana and Zambia are expected to march toward a virtuous cycle while Malawi appears to be in a vicious cycle.
The first chapter introduces the significance of the research question and the proposed hypostudy, which claims entrepreneurship as a viable tool to improve GDP per capita, and political and social sectors in SSA. The second chapter discusses the background of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs, the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth, and the causes for entrepreneurship. Chapter III elaborates the five vital entrepreneurship factors in the developing world. Chapter IV assesses the status of the five key entrepreneurship facts in each of the three African countries to understand the limiting cause for the expansion of entrepreneurship in Africa. It also evaluates the economic, political, and social impacts of entrepreneurship in each of the three African countries discussed in the case studies. Finally, the fifth chapter discusses the dynamics of entrepreneurship development in Africa using the findings from Chapter IV, and delivers potential policy recommendations to address the shortcomings in each country type as conclusion.
CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION * A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION * B. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION * C. HYPOSTUDY * D. METHODOLOGY * E. STUDY OVERVIEW * CHAPTER II - ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD * A. ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENTREPRENEURS * 1. Types of Entrepreneurship * 2. Kinds of Entrepreneurs * 3. Categories of Entrepreneurship * 4. Causes of Entrepreneurship * B. ENTREPRENEURSHIP, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES * 1. Historical Perspective * 2. Development Stages * C. MEASUREMENTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP * D. DEBATE ON ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY * E. CONCLUSION * CHAPTER III - FIVE ENTREPRENEURIAL FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD * A. FREEDOM * B. LABOR * C. INFRASTRUCTURE * D. GOVERNANCE * E. BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT * F. CONCLUSION * CHAPTER IV - ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ITS OUTCOMES IN BOTSWANA, ZAMBIA, AND MALAWI